RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin)-in addition to screening, this test is useful in monitoring treatment for syphilis.A positive screening result must be confirmed with a more specific (treponemal) test. The tests are highly sensitive but, since they are non-specific, false-positive results can be caused by, for example, IV drug use, pregnancy, Lyme disease, certain types of pneumonia, malaria, tuberculosis, or certain autoimmune disorders including lupus. These antibodies are produced by the body when an individual has syphilis but may also be produced in several other conditions. Nontreponemal antibody tests-these tests are called "nontreponemal" because they detect antibodies that are not specifically directed against the Treponema pallidum bacterium.Either type may be used for syphilis screening but must be followed by a second test that uses a different method to confirm a positive result and to diagnose active syphilis: Two general types are available for syphilis testing, nontreponemal antibody test and treponemal antibody test (derived from the name of the bacterium). Antibody tests are most commonly used.Īntibody tests (serology)-these tests detect antibodies in the blood and sometimes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Several different types of tests are available. Syphilis tests are used to screen for and/or diagnose infection with Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis. If someone has late or latent stages of the disease with suspected brain involvement (neurosyphilis), the healthcare provider will perform a spinal tap to check the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for infection.If a syphilis sore is present, a healthcare practitioner may take a scraping from the chancre on the affected area, such as the cervix, penis, anus, or throat.Most often, blood is drawn from a vein in the arm to test for antibodies.How is the sample collected for testing?ĭepending on the stage of disease and test method used, different samples are needed: Newly acquired infections can be cured easily however, longer treatment may be needed for someone who has been infected for more than a year. Syphilis can be treated with antibiotics, preferably penicillin. Eighty-three percent of these cases were among men who have sex with men. In 2014, about one-third of over 63,000 new cases of syphilis reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were primary or secondary stage syphilis. Syphilis is most infectious during the primary and secondary stages. Tertiary syphilis can last for years, with the final stage leading to mental illness, blindness, other neurological problems, heart disease, and death. When the central nervous system is affected, it is called neurosyphilis.
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In these cases, the bacteria can damage the heart, eyes, brain, nervous system, bones, joints, or almost any other part of the body. If still untreated, about 15% of people will develop the complications of late, or tertiary, syphilis. Late, tertiary syphilis-if untreated, secondary syphilis may continue into a latent stage, during which an infected person has no symptoms but continues to have the infection, and this stage can last for years.There may be other symptoms as well, such as fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes ("glands"), sore throat, and body aches.
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It is marked by a skin rash that often is rough, red, and spotted, appearing frequently on the palms of the hands and the bottoms of the feet (an unusual place for most other causes of rashes) and that usually does not itch.
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An infected mother can also pass the disease to her unborn child, with serious and potentially fatal consequences for the baby. Syphilis is easily treated with antibiotics but can cause severe health problems if left untreated.
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Some methods that are used less commonly directly detect the bacterium or its genetic material (DNA). The most common syphilis tests detect antibodies in the blood that are produced in response to a T. Syphilis is an infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum that is most often spread by sexual contact, such as through direct contact with a syphilis sore (chancre), a firm, raised, painless sore.